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Volume 22 , Issue 2
Spring 2008
Pages 131–138

Translating the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders into Malay: Evaluation of Content and Process

Suan-Phaik Khoo, BDS, MSc, FFDRCSI/Adrian U. Jin Yap, BDS, MSc, PhD /Yiong Huak Chan, BMaths (Hons), PGDip(App. Stats), PhD/Awang M. Bulgiba, MBBS, MPH, MAppStats, PhD

PMID: 18548842

Aims: To develop a Malay-language version of the Axis II Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) through a formal translation/back-translation process and to summarize available data about the psychometric properties of the translated scales. Methods: To cross-culturally adapt the instrument, the RDC/TMD underwent translation using a forward-backward method. Subjects were recruited to test the congruency between translated and original versions of the RDC/TMD. The psychometric properties of 3 domains (Graded Chronic Pain Scale, Nonspecific Physical Symptoms, and Depression) of the RDC/TMD were examined, and the literature on this topic was reviewed. Results: All the items scored 93% to 100% congruency. Cronbach’s alphas for Graded Chronic Pain Scale, Nonspecific Physical Symptoms, and Depression were 0.77, 0.71, and 0.88, respectively (n = 40). The test-retest reliability of scores (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]) and levels (Spearman’s rho) for these domains showed ICCs of 0.97, 0.94, and 0.95, respectively, with a lowest ICC value of 0.84 (n = 40); the Spearman’s rho values were 0.93, 0.74, and 0.74, respectively. The discriminant validity between patients with pain symptoms (n = 40) and normal pain-free controls (n = 40) were statistically significant (P < .001). These correlations provide support for the internal consistency and validity of the Graded Chronic Pain Scale, Nonspecific Physical Symptoms, and Depression domains of the translated version of the RDC/TMD, which were found to be comparable to the psychometric properties of the original and other international translated versions. Conclusion: The cross-cultural adaptation of the RDC/TMD into the Malay language is suitable for use in Malaysia. J OROFAC PAIN 2008;22:131–138

Key words: cross-cultural adaptation, internal consistency, temporomandibular disorders, translation, validity

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