This comprehensive review brings together research by biomaterials experts in various fields of dentistry, including oral and maxillofacial surgery, orthodontics, periodontics, prosthodontics, and restorative dentistry. Through the presentation of evidence derived exclusively from in vivo studies, the mechanisms governing the aging of materials placed in the oral cavity are clarified and selective aspects of the in vivo performance of materials demonstrated.
ISBN: 0-86715-399-7
978-0-86715-399-6 , 9780867153996
296 pp (softcover); 183 illus (37 color)
Table of Contents
Foreword
Preface
Section I: Overview
1 General Aspects of Biomaterial Surface Alterations Following Exposure to Biologic Fluids/George Eliades, Theodore Eliades, and Manolis Vavuranakis
Section II: Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry
2 Aging of Casting Alloys Used in Prosthodontics and Restorative Dentistry/William A. Brantley
3 Ceramic Behavior Under Different Environmental and Loading Conditions/James L. Drummond
4 Characterization of Retrieved Implants: Titanium, Titanium Alloys, and Hydroxyapatite Coatings/Efstratios Papazoglou, William A. Brantley, and Edwin A. McGlumphy
Section III: Restorative Dentistry
5 Alterations of Dental Amalgam/Miroslav I. Marek
6 Aging of Glass-Ionomer Cements/Aphrodite I. Kakaboura
7 Degradation Mechanisms of Dental Resin Composites/Karl-Johan Söderholm
Section IV: Orthodontics
8 Disintegration of Orthodontic Appliances/Arne Hensten-Pettersen and Nils Jacobsen
9 Characteristics of Used Orthodontic Brackets/Claude G. Matasa
10 Aging of Orthodontic Utilities and Auxiliaries/Theodore Eliades, George Eliades, William A. Brantley, and David C. Watts
Section V: Endodontics
11 Aging of Endodontic Instruments and Materials/Spiros Zinelis and John Margelos
Section VI: Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
12 Aging of Stainless Steel Oral and Maxillofacial Surgical Implants/Elliott J. Sutow
13 Leaching of Metallic Ions from Plates and Screws Used in Jaw Fracture Fixation/Ian R. Matthew
Section VII: Periodontology
14 Sutures in the Oral Cavity/J. Anthony von Fraunhofer
15 Aging of Bioactive Glass Bone-Grafting Materials/John C. Mitchell
Preface
Although several well-known and highly respected textbooks on dental biomaterials are available--some with multiple editions over several decades—none of these texts focuses to a significant extent upon the effect of the oral environment on these biomaterials over extended periods of time, ie, the effect of in vivo aging on their properties and clinical performance. Individuals teaching and performing research on the wide range of dental biomaterials have long been aware of this deficit, as well as its root cause: a general lack of research on the subject. However, within the past decade, more investigators have begun to carefully study the in vivo performance of dental biomaterials and have demonstrated that striking differences can exist with respect to the performance found in conventional in vitro laboratory tests, even when these tests are performed at normal oral temperature (37œC).
The oral environment represents a combination of complex conditions that cannot be duplicated in the research laboratory: (1) complex intraoral flora that lead to plaque accumulation and its by-products; (2) highly variable alterations in pH that can arise from the ingestion and decomposition of foods, particularly in crevices around restorations; and (3) the warm, moist nature of the oral environment, which, when subjected to fluctuating stresses during mastication, leads to irregular cyclic fatigue conditions that may be further exacerbated by stress corrosion processes. Such an aggressive environment can cause failure processes in metallic, ceramic, or polymeric materials that would not be observed under the in vitro laboratory testing conditions used over the past decades.
This text presents the results of recent in vivo research, which has uncovered many aspects of the role of oral flora and their by-products in the aging of dental biomaterials. For example, the action of microbiota colonization on metallic dental biomaterials has been found to be twofold: Certain species can metabolize individual component metallic elements from alloys, while microbial by-products and metabolic processes may alter the microenvironment, such as by decreasing the local pH and thereby contributing to the initiation of corrosion. The implication of bacterial metabolism has been reported for the surface alteration of dental alloys and endodontic silver points. It is also known that sulfate-reducing and nitrate-reducing bacteria are inflammatory to host tissues and can also affect the corrosion processes of various alloys. The effects of the biofilm found on all dental materials in vivo on the materials' surface structures and properties also have recently begun to be appreciated; however, considerable further work is needed to elucidate its role in the clinical behavior of these biomaterials.
Also presented is research on environmental factors in addition to dietary habits that recently have been found to have important consequences for dental biomaterials. For example, it has been estimated that an urban mouth-breather inhales in 2 hours approximately 1 m3 of air, with a potential sulfur dioxide intake of up to 2.3 mg. Hence, differences in the ambient air quality potentially can have considerable effects on the long-term clinical performance of dental biomaterials.
The purpose of this book is to provide a comprehensive discussion, based upon current research findings, of the in vivo aging processes of dental biomaterials in the oral environment and to provide a scientifically plausible extrapolation to likely occurrences for situations where appropriate in vivo research has not yet been performed. Moreover, the chapters in this book are intended to stimulate new research investigations into the many facets of this exciting field and to inspire a much greater appreciation for the need to investigate the long-term performance of dental biomaterials, rather than to rely upon shorter-term in vitro investigations in which experimental results may bear little relationship to the clinical situation. In particular, research on the in vivo behavior of ceramic and polymeric dental biomaterials is strongly encouraged, since such investigations to date have frequently tended to focus on metallic materials.
Lastly, the editors wish to express their enormous gratitude to Quintessence Publishing Company for supporting this research-oriented book, which is somewhat out of the mainstream of the publisher's highly popular, more clinically oriented dental books, and for their patient assistance with the myriad details associated with bringing the chapter manuscripts to their final form.
Edited by
George Eliades, DDS, Dr Dent
Associate Professor and Director
Biomaterials Laboratory
School of Dentistry
University of Athens
Athens, Greece
Theodore Eliades, DDS, MS, Dr Med, PhD
Honorary Research Fellow
Biomaterials Science Unit
Turner Dental School
University of Manchester
Manchester, United Kingdom
William A. Brantley, PhD
Professor
Section of Restorative and Prosthetic Dentistry
College of Dentistry
The Ohio State University
Columbus, Ohio
David C. Watts, PhD
Professor
Biomaterials Science Unit
Turner Dental School
University of Manchester
Manchester, United Kingdom
